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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species. Numerous examples have been offered of this, such as different kinds of stickleback fish that can live in fresh or salt water and walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to particular host plants. These typically reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to basic body plans. Evolution through Natural Selection Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living creatures that live on our planet for centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than those less well adapted. Over time, a population of well adapted individuals grows and eventually becomes a new species. Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three factors that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. 에볼루션카지노사이트 and sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity in the species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person's genetic characteristics, which includes recessive and dominant genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be done through sexual or asexual methods. Natural selection can only occur when all these elements are in harmony. If, for instance, a dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and survive more than the recessive allele, then the dominant allele is more prevalent in a group. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self-reinforcing, meaning that an organism with a beneficial characteristic is more likely to survive and reproduce than one with a maladaptive trait. The greater an organism's fitness as measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it will produce. Individuals with favorable traits, such as longer necks in giraffes, or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, so they will make up the majority of the population in the future. Natural selection is a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits through usage or inaction. If a giraffe stretches its neck to reach prey and the neck grows longer, then the offspring will inherit this trait. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes. Evolution through Genetic Drift Genetic drift occurs when alleles of one gene are distributed randomly within a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not more be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles diminish in frequency. This can lead to dominance at the extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small number of people this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive gene. This is known as the bottleneck effect. It is typical of the evolutionary process that occurs when the number of individuals migrate to form a group. A phenotypic bottleneck may happen when the survivors of a catastrophe, such as an epidemic or a mass hunting event, are condensed in a limited area. The survivors will have an allele that is dominant and will share the same phenotype. This situation might be caused by a war, an earthquake or even a cholera outbreak. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that remains is prone to genetic drift. Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any deviation from expected values for different fitness levels. They provide the famous case of twins who are both genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other is able to reproduce. This kind of drift could play a significant role in the evolution of an organism. It's not the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migration maintain the phenotypic diversity in the population. Stephens asserts that there is a significant difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or cause, and considering other causes, such as migration and selection as causes and forces. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has a direction, that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity, and that it also has a specific magnitude that is determined by the size of the population. Evolution by Lamarckism Biology students in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly called “Lamarckism, states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms inheriting characteristics that are a product of the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is usually illustrated with an image of a giraffe stretching its neck further to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This could cause the necks of giraffes that are longer to be passed onto their offspring who would grow taller. Lamarck Lamarck, a French Zoologist from France, presented an idea that was revolutionary in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the traditional thinking about organic transformation. According Lamarck, living organisms evolved from inanimate materials through a series gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one having given the subject its first general and comprehensive treatment. The prevailing story is that Lamarckism was a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and that the two theories battled it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won and led to the creation of what biologists now call the Modern Synthesis. The theory denies that acquired characteristics can be passed down through generations and instead, it claims that organisms evolve through the influence of environment factors, including Natural Selection. While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries paid lip-service to this notion, it was never an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically. It's been over 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of age genomics, there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as “neo Lamarckism”, or more generally epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model. Evolution through Adaptation One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a struggle to survive. In 에볼루션 바카라 , this view is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The struggle for existence is better described as a fight to survive in a particular environment. This may be a challenge for not just other living things but also the physical environment. Understanding how adaptation works is essential to comprehend evolution. The term “adaptation” refers to any characteristic that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure such as feathers or fur, or a behavioral trait such as a tendency to move into the shade in hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold. The survival of an organism depends on its ability to extract energy from the environment and to interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism should possess the right genes to create offspring, and be able to find enough food and resources. The organism should also be able reproduce itself at a rate that is optimal for its specific niche. These factors, together with mutations and gene flow can result in an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within a population’s gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the development of new traits and ultimately new species. Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations. For example, lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur and feathers as insulation and long legs to get away from predators and camouflage to conceal. To understand adaptation it is essential to discern between physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physical traits such as thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. Behavior adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or move into the shade during hot temperatures. Furthermore, it is important to remember that a lack of forethought does not make something an adaptation. In fact, failing to consider the consequences of a decision can render it ineffective, despite the fact that it appears to be sensible or even necessary.